拉勾皮划艇商城基础教程之；白水艇安全指南（二 ）必看

水一方

 III. Group Preparedness and Responsibility

三.团队准备和责任



1.Organization. A river trip should be regarded as a common adventure by all participants, except on uctional or commercially guided trips as defined below. Participants share the responsibility for the conduct of the trip, and each participant is individually responsible for judging his or her own capabilities and for his or her own safety as the trip progresses. Participants are encouraged (but are not obligated) to offer advice and guidance for the independent consideration and judgment of others.
1.团队.
一个河流的旅行可视为一次由所有参与者组成的普通的探险.除了类似定义之下的教育性或者商业指引的旅行。参与都共同承担旅程中的行为的责任.并且每一个参与者各自负责判断自己的能力及在旅途中的安全。对领队考虑或者判断的事情，参与者被鼓励（但并不强制）提出建议和辅导。


2.River Conditions. The group should have a reasonable knowledge of the difficulty of the run. Participants should evaluate this information and adjust their plans accordingly. If the run is exploratory or no one is familiar with the river, maps and guidebooks, if available, should be examined. The group should secure accurate flow information; the more difficult the run, the more important this will be. Be aware of possible changes in river level and how this will affect the difficulty of the run. If the trip involves tidal stretches, secure appropriate information on tides.
2.河流形势.
团队应该具备通过困难河段的合理的知识。参与者应该评估河流的信息并因此而调整计划。如果行程是探险的，或者无人熟悉该河流，地图或者指南的话，如果可能，应该验证.团队应该取得准确的水流情况；行程越困难，这些情报就越重要。注意河流等级可能出现的变化，和它将会对行程造成怎么样的影响。如果行程中出现涨潮，取得浪潮的正确信息。



3.Group equipment should be suited to the difficulty of the river. The group should always have a throw-line available, and one line per boat is recommended on difficult runs. The list may include: carabiners, prussic loops, first aid kit, flashlight, folding saw, fire starter, guidebooks, maps, food, extra clothing, and any other rescue or survival items suggested by conditions. Each item is not required on every run, and this list is not meant to be a substitute for good judgment.
3.团队的装备必需适合困难的河流。团队必需总是备有可用的抛绳，在困难的行程中，建议每艇一条绳。装备清单包括: 快挂，prussic结（要了解何谓prussic loop请参考以下网站：http://www.planetfear.com/article_detail.asp?a_id=511),医疗药箱，闪光灯，可折叠的锯，点火装备，指南，地图，食物，额外的衣物。条件许可的话，带上任何其他救援或者生存物资。每一项物品并非每一次旅程上都需要，但并不意味着可以以好的判断来代替它们。

4.Keep the group compact, but maintain sufficient spacing to avoid collisions. If the group is large, consider dividing into smaller groups or using the “buddy system” as an additional safeguard. Space yourselves closely enough to permit good communication, but not so close as to interfere with one another in rapids.
I.A point paddler sets the pace. When in front, do not get in over your head. Never run drops when you cannot see a clear route to the bottom or, for advanced paddlers, a sure route to the next eddy. When in doubt, stop and scout.
II.Keep track of all group members. Each boat keeps the one behind it in sight, stopping if necessary. Know how many people are in your group and take head-counts regularly. No one should paddle ahead or walk out without first informing the group. Paddlers requiring additional support should stay at the center of a group, and not allow themselves to lag behind in the more difficult rapids. If the group is large and contains a wide range of abilities, a “sweep boat” may be designated to bring up the rear.
Courtesy. On heavily used rivers, do not cut in front of a boater running a drop. Always look upstream before leaving eddies to run or play. Never enter a III.crowded drop or eddy when no room for you exists. Passing other groups in a rapid may be hazardous; it’s often safer to wait upstream until the group ahead has passed.
4.保持队伍的紧凑。
但保持足够的距离避免碰撞。如果队伍庞大，考虑将它分成几个小团队或者使用“伙伴体系”作为额外的护航舰。将你们保持在能够有良好沟通的距离上，但不紧密到在急流中妨碍其他人的程度。

I.顶尖的浆手，总会设定正常的速度。在前面的时候，不会超过领航者。当你无法看见跌水底部的清晰路线时，绝不贸然冲下去。对于一个高级的浆手，除此之外，确定到下一个漩涡的路线。如果有怀疑，停下来并视察。

II.跟随所有成员的轨迹。每只船都跟随视线内的船的后面，如有必要就停下来。知道你的队伍共有多少人并且令到每单位都有规则地行进。不应该有人在事先没有通知队伍的情况下划到前头或者划开。需要照顾的浆手应该留在队伍的中部，不充许他们在困难的急流中落在后面。如果队伍庞大而且队内有有能力的人的话，一只”扫视船”应该被指定在队伍的后面收尾。

III.礼仪.在河流中，浆手准备冲下跌水时，不要插队。离开漩涡前总是向上看。绝不进入没有空间让你离开的拥挤的跌水和漩涡中。在急流中超过其他队伍可能是很危险的，等待前面的队伍先通过通常更安全。

5.Float Plan. If the trip is into a wilderness area or for an extended period, plans should be filed with a nsible person who will contact the authorities if you are overdue. It may be wise to establish checkpoints along the way where civilization could be contacted if necessary. Knowing the location of possible help and planning escape routes can speed rescue.
5.公开计划。
如果旅行进入荒野，或者历时较长，应该将计划行程给负责任的人归档，如果你们迟到，此人会联络当局。必要的话，沿途在有文明的地方设立一些检查点，会是明智的做法。知道当地可得到的帮助和计划逃生的路线将会提高救援速度。


6.Drugs. The use of alcohol or mind-altering drugs before or during river trips is not recommended. It dulls reflexes, reduces decision-making ability, and may interfere with important survival reflexes.
6.毒品。
在河流的旅行之前或者期间，不建议饮酒或者使用影响精神的药品。它会令反应迟钝，降低判断能力，并且会妨碍重要的生存反应。

7.Instructional or commercially guided trips. In contrast to the common adventure trip format, in these trip formats, a boating instructor or commercial guide assumes some of the responsibilities normally exercised by the group as a whole, as appropriate under the circumstances. These formats recognize that instructional or commercially guided trips may involve participants who lack significant experience in whitewater. However, as a participant acquires experience in whitewater, he or she takes on increasing responsibility for his or her own safety, in accordance with what he or she knows or should know as a result of that increased experience. Also, as in all trip formats, every participant must realize and assume the risks associated with the serious hazards of whitewater rivers.
7.教育性或者商业性引导的旅行。
对比普通的探险旅行模式，在这些旅行模式中，一个划艇教官或者商业领队会承担一些责任，令队伍在那些环境下得以妥善及完整地练习。这些教育性或者商业性引导的旅行的模式，可能会带有在白水中缺少重要经验的参与者。然而，若一个参与者在白水中取得经验，他或者她要对自己的安全承担起更多的责任。他或者她知道或者应该知道的责任的多少与增加经验的多少是成正比的。同时，所有模式都好，在白水河流中，每一个参与者都要了解和共同承担重大危险的风险。


8.It is advisable for instructors and commercial guides or their employers to acquire trip or personal liability insurance:
I.An “instructional trip” is characterized by a clear teacher/pupil relationship, where the primary purpose of the trip is to teach boating skills, and which is conducted for a fee.
II.A “commercially guided trip” is characterized by a licensed, professional guide conducting trips for a fee.
8.教官和商业领队或者他们的雇主要求获得旅行或者个人的责任保证金是可取的：
I.“教育性的旅行”理解为明确的教师/学生关系，旅程主要的目的是教授划艇技巧，应该收费。
II.“商业引导的旅行”可理解为授权的专业领队指引的旅行，应该收费。

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IV.Universal River Signals 
四.通用的河流信号 

These signals may be substituted with an alternate set of signals agreed upon by the group. 
这些信号可以被团队事先交流定出的一套信号取替。 

stop 
 
Stop: Potential Hazard Ahead. Wait for “all clear” signal before proceeding, or scout ahead. form a horizontal bar with your outstretched arms. Those seeing the signal should pass it back to others in the party. - 
停止:前方有潜在的危险。行动或者向前侦察前等待“解除警报的信号”。像吊单杠状，伸直手臂将浆高举。看到信号的人应该将之传递给其他随队人员。 

Help&Emergency 
 
Help/Emergency: Assist the signaler as quickly as possible. Give three long blasts on a police whistle while waving a paddle, helmet or life vest over your head. If a whistle is not available, use the visual signal alone. A whistle is best carried on a lanyard attached to your life vest. 
求救/紧急情况：救援求救人要尽可能迅速。吹三声长且响的警报哨声的同时，在头顶上挥动短浆，头盔或者救生衣。如果无口哨的话，只使用可视信号。口哨最好带上并绑在救

生衣上。 

All Clear 
 
All Clear: Come ahead (in the absence of other directions proceed down the center). Form a vertical bar with your paddle or one arm held high above your head. Paddle blade should be turned flat for maximum visibility. To signal direction or a preferred course through a rapid around obstruction, lower the previously vertical “all clear” by 45 degrees toward the side of the river with the preferred route. Never point toward the obstacle you wish to avoid. 
解除警报：向前（无固定的方向，从中心点向下进行下去），将浆或者一只手臂举高过头形成竖线。浆板应调整为最大可见度。信号的方向指明最佳通过周围有障碍物急流的通道

。从先前的“解除警报”的垂直线动作向下做成45度角指向最佳通行路线。不指向你希望避开的障碍物的方向。 

I’m okay 
 
I’m okay: I’m okay and not hurt. While holding the elbow outward toward the side, repeatedly pat the top of your head. 
我没事：我没事而且没受伤。手肘向外，用手重复轻拍自己头顶。

梦春梅

玩艇 安全第一！